There have been a number of high-profile cyber breaches in recent years that have cost the victims a lot of money to recover. The Target department store, a few major health insurance companies and even the U.S. Office of Personnel Management have all suffered significant data loss as a result of cyber crooks gaining access to their databases. In every case, the organization involved didn’t realize their exposure to attack until it had already happened.

A 2016 study of 383...